Distal Humerus Fractures
A distal humerus fracture affects the lower end of the upper arm bone near the elbow. Because it may involve the joint surface and lies close to important nerves, it can be a complex injury. The elbow also becomes stiff quickly after immobilisation.
Common causes and risk factors
• A fall onto the hand or elbow
• High-energy trauma
• Osteoporosis in older adults
Symptoms and signs
• Severe elbow pain and swelling
• Bruising and deformity
• Inability to bend or straighten the elbow
• Numbness or tingling in the hand
How is it diagnosed?
X-rays define the fracture, and CT may help plan surgery. Examination includes checks of the skin, nerves and circulation.
Treatment options
A stable fracture that has not moved may be treated with early mobilisation. Displaced joint fractures usually require plates and screws. In selected older patients with fractures that cannot be reconstructed, elbow replacement may be considered. Guided movement starts when safe to reduce stiffness.
When should I see a specialist?
Arrange an assessment if you have:
• Any suspected fracture after trauma
• Open wounds or visible deformity
• Numbness, weakness or circulation changes
• Increasing swelling or uncontrolled pain
Frequently asked questions
Why is surgery common?
Accurate joint alignment is important for elbow movement, and displaced fragments are often unstable.
Will my elbow become stiff?
Stiffness is common. Stable fixation and guided rehabilitation aim to minimise it.
Can an elbow replacement be used?
Yes, in selected complex fractures, usually in older lower-demand patients, but it brings lifelong lifting restrictions.
What does the evidence say?
AAOS patient guidance emphasises stable fixation and early controlled rehabilitation for displaced fractures, while recognising stiffness and nerve symptoms as important complications.
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